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GLOSSARY
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1989-10-11
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<BODKIN> A small dagger [BR= /I60.62 /J22.20 /K0.0 ]
Bodkin, meaning a small dagger, can be traced back as far as Chaucer (The
Reeve's Tale). Other contemporary meanings include a bone needle for
piercing holes in cloth, and a shaped ornament used by women to pin up their
hair; clearly the best meaning in context is a that of dagger.
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<BOURNE> A finish line, or boundary between fields
Read this line as "the undiscovered country from whose boundaries"
rathern the "... from whose realm."
Shakespeare uses this word seven times; its meaning is quite clear from
the context in all uses except this. Because the context in Hamlet suggests
that bourne might mean "realm," later writers have occasionally used the word
with such a meaning (cf Keats, Endymion: "A thousand powers keep religious
state/In water, fiery realm, and airy bourne").
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<COIL> Bustle, turmoil; the bustle of modern life
Thus, "mortal coil" can be read as a metaphor for our daily existence,
noisy and disorganized compared to the 17th century view of heaven.
"Shuffle" was in common use in Shakespeare's time to mean either walking
without lifting the feet off the ground, or walk dispiritedly; either meaning
makes sense in "shuffled off this mortal coil," although the latter might be
a slight bit crisper in this phrase.
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<CONTUMELY> Insulting treatment; insolent reproach; abuse
The accent must be placed on the first syllable (Kahn'toom-lee) for this
line to scan, although today it's often pronounced kuhn-Toom'lee. (Well,
actually it's pronounced that way only in dictionaries, since it's a word
rarely heard outside a production of Hamlet.)
It's interesting to note also that the first part of the line, "the
opressor's wrong," must be scanned either "thoh-Press'orz Wrong'" or "the
Press'orz Wrong." In Jamaican pronunciation, which follows a quite different
line of descent from Elizabethan English than does American speech, "opressor"
is not uncommonly pronounced "Press'or," with the first syllable elided. This
form was used to great effect in reggae star Bob Marley's song "Pressor Man."
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<DISPRIZED> Undervalued, mis-prized
This word may have been original with Shakespeare.
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<FARDELS> Bundles for carrying about; burdens
Shakespeare uses the word again in Winter's Tale: "There lie such secrets
in this fardel and box which none must know but the King."
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<MARRY> Simply, truly (an idiomatic interjection)
Originally, "By the Virgin Mary!" The history of this interjection can
be traced back to pre-Chaucerian English, and it remained in favor for 500
years. Shakespeare uses it freely, most often placing it in the mouths of
clowns or other "low" characters. In fact, the use of "marry" in this
context in the Quarto text is so atypical as to strengthen the arguments of
those who claim the text of the First Quarto's Hamlet to be derived from an
actor's memory rather than from a written script or fair copy. (See
Transcription [quarto].)
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<MOMENT> Importance, weight
This meaning survives today in the adjective "momentous." In
Shakespeare's time "moment" also referred to a brief period of time, but its
use for "importance" was also common ("What towns of any moment, but we have?"
[Henry VI, pt 1, ca. 1591].)
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<PITCH> Extreme or highest point; altitude; height; a steep angle
If "pitch" is substituted for "pith" in Hamlet's soliloquy, a variety of
(related) meanings present themselves. With the modifier "great," the
meaning "altitude" for "pitch" seems appropriate. "Pitch" was often used in
this sense to mean the height of a hawk or falcon's flight, as in
"between two hawks, which flies the higher pitch" (Henry VI, pt 1, ca. 1591)
or "bears his thoughts above his falcon's pitch" (Henry VI, pt 2, ca. 1592).
Shakespeare has also used the word in the same manner as in this variant
reading for Hamlet: "seduced the pitch and height of all his thoughts"
(Richard III, ca. 1593). This metaphorical use of "pitch" is quite similar to
the alternate reading "great pitch and moment" in Hamlet, lending support to
those who believe it the more likely word.
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<PITH> Core; central part; heart or marrow
The word's most common usage, then as now, is for the central core of a
plant stem.
See the note on great pith and moment [hamlet] for a discussion of "pith"
versus "pitch" (q.v.) as the correct reading.
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<QUIETUS> Settling of accounts; receipt given for such settling
In the legalese of Shakespeare's time, this was a common enough term, yet
so uncommon a metaphor for the settling of life's accounts as to be seen as
self-mocking, even self-hating. Hamlet is not simply weighing the merits of
self-dispatch; he sees his own situation quite clearly and recognizes the
irony in his reasoning. Nicol Williamson gave us a Hamlet with a sneer in
the early 1970s, and was roundly bashed for it by a host of small-minded
critics; yet his anger ── directed most of all at himself ── brought
astonishing focus and clarity to scenes and speeches such as this.
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<RESPECT> Consideration
Compare King John (ca. 1595): "I muse your majesty doth seem so cold when
such profound respects do pull you on."
An audience in the theatre, however, doesn't come equipped with a 400-
year-old glossary; they can't help but hear words with their current
meanings. It's difficult for a current audience not to hear Hamlet say that
he respects death (is afraid of it). This is true enough, as far as it goes,
but it give Hamlet a somewhat blunter edge on which to balance his reasoning.
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<RUB> Interference; obstacle
This was a common term in the game bowls (a forerunner of bowling),
referring to an obstacle (such as a clod of dirt) that alters the ball's
course. By Shakespeare's time this had become a common metaphor, and one
that he used in other plays.
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<THOUGHT> Care, worry
There's a more common meaning of "thought" ── the stuff produced by
thinking ── that has led some to the view that Hamlet can't act because he
thinks too much. This view seems especially prevalent in America, a country
where a political party called the Know-Nothings had more than a little
success and where persons who fail to set upon anyone who looks at them funny
are called "pointy-headed intellectuals." (See also the notes on
Pale cast of thought [hamlet]).
There are contemporary references (besides Hamlet) to "thought" as
meaning "care," such as The Bible's "Take no thought for the morrow" and
"With a world of care and thought-takings" (Hieron, 1615)
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